Publication

Bolstering Indonesia Electric Vehicles Ecosystem through Human Resources Development

Moh. Wahyu Syafi'ul Mubarok and Evvy Kartini

Abstract. The emerging of Electric Vehicles (EV) industry amidst Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) automotive industry has arisen a critical challenge on human resources development. The major shift of automotive component is happening and need a new labor skill for emerging EV automotive industry as well as transitioning ICE automotive industry. Hence, it is essential to delve the impact of labor amidst on going ICE to EV transition on automotive industry in Indonesia. The qualitative method through desk review approach was adopted for the paper work. There are two study objectives for this paper: (1) Current condition of Indonesia EV ecosystem and (2) Pathway of human resources development reflecting the current condition on Indonesia EV ecosystem. It is found that Indonesia EV ecosystem is on the right track based on its policy & regulation and industrial perspective. However, in terms of market response and human resource readiness, the evaluation is still needed. Lack of knowledge and information about EV technology hinder the progress. Therefore, the pathway of human resources development on Indonesia EV ecosystem is proposed on this paper. The pathway provides the mitigation map on upskilling and reskilling for labour in automotive industry in four work levels: engineer, manual technician, non-manual technician, and operator. The strong collaboration between stakeholders is needed to hasten the progress. Also, it is suggested that the blueprint and national roadmap for EV industry Indonesia are need to be formulated.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0174703

Optimizing Lighting Strategy in Classroom using DIALux Software: Case Study of GKU-B Indonesia

Shafira Ramadhani and Evvy Kartini

Abstract. Lighting system has been an active element in educational environment. Lighting plays a great role in designing classrooms in an institution. Inadequate lighting environment may result in poor task performance of learning activity. This paper will demonstrate how lighting strategy will affect the illuminate level in a classroom. The location of case study is General Lecture Building – West, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia. Lighting strategy used will be implemented based on the needs of problems assessed during the existing simulation and field survey. In order to verify an efficient lighting system in a classroom, consisting of artificial and natural lighting, a help of specialized software called DIALux Evo is used.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0175897

Analysis of Renewable Energy as Export Commodity (Case Study Indonesia-ASEAN)

Moh. Wahyu Syafi'ul Mubarok and Evvy Kartini

Abstract. The net zero emission commitment under Paris Agreement has fostered the clean energy transition agenda. ASEAN becomes the home of untapped renewable energy resources due to its geographic condition. However, the distribution of renewable energy is far from it has expected. It is not only limited extent due to the country spread, but also the high capital investment costs that caused sluggish progression. It is believed that the interconnection grid and integration energy market across region becomes a prominent key to broaden energy access and bolster the growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as well. Hence, it is essential to study and analyze the scheme to foster the energy security across border through clean electricity that produced from renewable energy, particularly in ASEAN. The qualitative method through desk review approach was adopted for the paper work. There are two study objectives for this paper: (1) Renewable energy as export commodity in ASEAN which in line with ASEAN Power Grid (APG) agenda and (2) Indonesian future potential as renewable energy exporter. It is found that untapped renewable energy across ASEAN possibly meet the regional electricity demand through interconnected grid and electricity market integration. Such condition also supports the on-going APG project. Electricity trades are regulated through bilateral and multilateral agreement between countries with certain tariff. In this case, a comparison between Indonesia and Singapore about renewables export issue has been analyzed and studied. For attaining the status of renewable energy exporter in the future, it is suggested that Indonesia should deal with policy & regulation certainty (including its harmonization) and renewable energy infrastructure readiness.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0174702

Understanding Insight of Commercial Li-Ion Battery Samsung 25R Cylindrical Type 18650

Evvy Kartini, Muhammad Fakhrudin, Alan J Drew, Sigit Aryo Kristianto

Abstract. Commercial Samsung 25R lithium-ion battery has been used as object of reverse engineering study. The aim of this study was to observe the physical parameters and insight of the cathode materials, that became a benchmark for developing the new materials. The first method was to dismantled the cylindrical cell, into the battery components. The cathode was coated on the Al-foil with the length of 875 mm and 570 mm width, and the thickness of about 1.41 mm. Meanwhile the anode was coated on the Cu-foil with the length of 930 mm and 570 mm width, and the thickness of about 1.28 mm. The length separator was 1820 mm, twice longer from the length of electrodes, and its width wider to prevent the short circuit. The separator was the thin sheet only 0.15 mm. The inside of the cylindrical cell was almost similar to other lithium-ion battery. The XRD pattern of the cathode material was identified as layered α-NaFeO2 hexagonal structure belonged to the layered LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2. According to the database, the diffraction pattern is the most compatible with NMC111 (ICSD 98-016-2295). It was found that, the peaks (006) and (012), as well as (018) and (110), are separated indicating the ordering of the layered hexagonal structure. The optimal c/a ratio was more than 4.899 exhibited the ideal c/a values, indicating the presence of cation mixing. A ratio of I(003)/I(104) was 2.5796, indicating desired cation mixing occurs. The sample's R value was low enough to indicate that it had good lattice ordering. In conclusion, the commercial Samsung 25R 18650 has proven to be good crystalline materials with layer NMC111.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0174814

Simplified Lithium-Ion Movement Simulation during Discharge Process

Sigit Aryo Kristianto and Evvy Kartini

Abstract. Research of lithium-ion battery (LIB) performance based on simulation has been carried out to calculate and optimize the battery performance parameters such as battery capacity, working potential, and discharge time. The simulation is carried out using electrochemical models, namely the Single Particle Model (SPM). This model’s approach comes by observing the lithium diffusion process between the spherical electrode particles through a separator. From the SPM model, a simple mathematical equation has been derived that describes the electrochemical process that occurs inside the battery and also used to calculate the output of battery performance such as battery capacity, discharge time, and battery potential. Calculations are performed quickly on simple software such as Excel without reducing the accuracy of the output. Mathematical equations in the model gives profiles of lithium concentration, electrolyte concentration, and potential at the electrodes, as well as battery working potential compared to the battery capacity. The LIB type with LMO cathode in a pouch-cell was chosen as the initial reference for simulating battery performance. The calculation of the lithium concentration at the electrode gives value of the lithium concentration at the anode to decrease and the lithium concentration at the cathode to increase during the discharge process. The increase in the discharge current parameter in this calculation gives smaller discharge time value and lower battery capacity value (421s and 1.169 mAh.cm-2 at 0.01 mA.cm-2 ), while decreasing the discharge current value gives a higher time value. larger and larger rated battery capacity (13,360s and 1.855 mAh.cm-2 at 0.0005 mA.cm-2

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0175896

Electrochemical Performance of Commercial Li-Ion Battery Samsung 25R Cylindrical Type 18650

Evvy Kartini, Sigit Aryo Kristianto, Alan J. Drew, Agus Sudjatno

Abstract. Samsung 18650 25R lithium-ion battery used as object of reverse engineering study was obtained from commercial market. Samsung cylindrical cell with dimension of 18 mm diameter and 650 mm was tested using a Battery Tester 5V-6A in order to study its Electrochemical performances, such as columbic efficiency, capacity retention, and capacity fading after cycled for 100 times. The cell was charged and discharged with a constant current 1250 mA, and 0.5 C-rate. All these processes were repeated for 100 cycles. The first, fifth and tenth cycles charged and discharged capacity were 2356.18 mAh and 2355.79 mAh, 2342.82 mAh and 2343.62 mAh, 2349.21 mAh and 2343.85 mAh, respectively. It is shown that the real capacity values are little lower than the data label capacity 2500 mAh (99.98%), and there was no significant change in capacity value after 10th cycles. Furthermore, the detail analysis of performance after 100th cycle, showed the charged and discharged capacity downed to 2302.22 mAh and 2302.62 mAh, respectively. There was no significant change in capacity value after 100th cycle. Reflecting to coulombic efficiency, the numbers are stable at more than 99.8%, even after the 100th cycles. Meanwhile, the capacity retention was also remained at 99.95% after the 100th cycle, showing the cyclic ability of this commercial battery was good. The first cycle of the battery gives capacity fading value at 5.77% in respect to the nominal capacity (2500 mAh) and until 100th cycle the value raised to 7.94%, which still in acceptable value (up to 40% capacity fading). It can be concluded that this commercial battery has proved a very stable performance.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0174812

Study of Scaling Up Production on Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIB) Cathode Material at National Battery Research Institute

R. Adji Fatahillah Ramdhan, Hieronimus Matthew Ekaristianto, Yohanes Darryl Goenawan, Moh. Wahyu Syafi’ul Mubarok, Muhammad Fakhrudin, Evvy Kartini

Abstract. Energy storage technology becomes the crucial aspect for supporting electrification agenda. The rise of renewable energy and electric vehicles trend for the past decade creates unexpected number of demands on battery technology. Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) has been touted as a revolutionary technology on energy storage development. Besides LIB has been well-performed for electronic application due to its promising performance, it also has been well-known on its scalability for mass production. Although LIB is projected will still dominate the market for the next ten years, the growth of battery giga-factory, however, remains slow. The difficulty of production process and the numbers of machine used become the main reluctancy factor for bolstering end-to-end battery production on the industry scale. Because the absence of precise calculation on battery production chain possibly affects business sustainability. Hence, it is necessary to investigate scaling-up battery cathode production from laboratory into industry scale. The object study for this research was Indonesian leading battery research institute, National Battery Research Institute. The calculation was focused on NMC 811 cathode active material by considering cost structure factor such as raw materials, machinery, power consumption, and manpower. The result has successfully estimated the total cost for scaling-up 100 Kg production of NMC 811 cathode per batch or 36 Tons in a year. As a note, the data that was discussed in this manuscript limited on raw materials cost, while machinery, power consumption, and manpower aspect will be discussed separately in another article.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0174844

The Effect of Stirring Time in the Synthesis of NMC-721 using Oxalate Co-Precipitation

Revina Dea Nanda, Sigit Aryo Kristianto, Evvy Kartini, Muhammad Fakhrudin

Abstract. Li-ion batteries have the benefit of having a high storage capacity, a long cycle life, and being less damaging than present battery materials as a support for transportation in the future. The state of the cathode's manufacture is crucial since it plays a significant role. This study focused on synthesizing Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide -721 precursor with oxalate Co-precipitation using time parameters of 30, 60, and 180 minutes. Next, a variation of lithium hydroxide was added to the precursor, then calcined at 800℃. Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide -721 cathode was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction and XRF precursor data. The cathode crystal structure of Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide -721 is included in the hexagon structure, according to the findings of the X-ray diffraction study. Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide -721 has been successfully synthesized and can be used in lithium-ion batteries. Among the stirring processes of 30 and 180 minutes, the 180-minute technique produced the best NMC-721.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0174997

NMC cathode precursor synthesis by hydroxide co-precipitation method: A mini review

Muhammad Fakhrudin, Evvy Kartini

Abstract. Morphological properties of cathode precursors greatly affect the performance of the final product of the active cathode material. The precursor acts as a template of the cathode because of the ability to maintain its morphology during calcination with lithium. To produce precursors with appropriate specifications, several key parameters of the coprecipitation reaction must be carefully regulated, such as pH, ammonia concentration, stirring rate, temperature, and reaction time. In this review, the crucial parameters of widely applied hydroxide co-precipitation will be discussed regarding their impact on the development of mixed hydroxide precursor.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0174823

The effect of Lithium excess on synthesizing NMC 811 cathode material

Moh. Wahyu Syafi’ul Mubarok, Muhammad Fakhrudin, Evvy Kartini

Abstract. Battery becomes the main challenge for hastening the Electric Vehicles (EV) market penetration. Currently, lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology is broadly used for EV industry due to its high energy density. However, scientific discovery is still needed to compete on energy density, power capability, driving range, and also charging time aspect. Since its utilized for mobility, the LIB technology preference belongs to high-rich nickel cathode active materials. Besides, in terms of LIB supply chain, Indonesia is benefited with 23% of global nickel reserves. According to market projection trends, LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC 811) grasps the huge attention on the LIB technology for EV industry. Nevertheless, there are some technical challenges that need to be solved for mass production. For instance, Li/Ni cation mixing that affect significant volume of Li ions intercalation/deintercalation process on microscopic level, which leads to poor electrochemical performance. One of the promising solutions is by adding amount of additional lithium element. This work investigated the effect of lithium content excess on the synthesis of NMC 811 cathode active material. The synthesis route was co-precipitation with amount of lithium excess on 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%. For attaining crystal structure data, it followed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. The result depicted that lithium excess on NMC 811 cathode active material influenced cation mixing. More excess lithium affected cation mixing reduction of cathode product.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0174701

Design and construction of protection and monitoring battery management system (BMS) on electric motorcycle based on ESP32

Naufal Fachrully Winanta, Evvy Kartini, Joko Sunardi

Abstract. Lithium batteries are starting to become a significant commodity in the rapidly growing electric vehicle industry. Along with the increasing number of battery requirements, the use of lithium batteries is also increasingly diverse. The rising number of battery requirements makes the battery must be adapted to various conditions in the field so that the battery life is long and the battery condition is maintained. The safety and battery life will be problematic if these conditions are not supported. A Battery Management System (BMS) exists to overcome this. In this research, BMS has two main features, namely protection and monitoring. Identification in this study is based on the problem of voltage protections in lithium batteries and monitoring the voltage of each battery cell as measured by a multimeter. A BMS nowadays knows that few have added features such as wireless monitoring using Bluetooth in one BMS module. The results of the BMS testing for monitoring the total voltage when charging have an accuracy of 96.63%, and the BMS testing for monitoring the cell voltage when charging has an accuracy of 98.93%. While the results of the BMS testing for monitoring cell voltage when discharging have an accuracy of 95.07%, and BMS testing for monitoring cell voltage when discharging has an accuracy of 96.59%. The protection features function well to overcome overcharge and over-discharge. The results of the BMS testing for monitoring the total voltage when charging have a precision of 0.84%, and the BMS testing for monitoring the cell voltage when charging has a precision of 0.42%. While the results of the BMS testing for monitoring cell voltage when discharging have a precision of 0.7%, and BMS testing for monitoring cell voltage when discharging has a precision of 0.94%. The successful development of this BMS will increase the value of developing the battery industry in Indonesia.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0174897

Effect of NaOH treatment on rice husk-derived graphene on the presence of crystalline silica

Adinandra Caesar Fachrudin, Evvy Kartini, Muhammad Fakhrudin, Alan J. Drew

Abstract. Graphene is produced using green synthesis approaches from rice husk, called rice husk-derived graphene (GRHA). Due to the high silicon content compared to carbon in raw rice husks, this research will add sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment to reduce silica in the resulting GRHA, commonly known as desilication. Rice husk ash (RHA) was mixed with NaOH solution by stirring at 80 °C for 3 hours, followed by filtering, washing, and drying. Variation in NaOH concentration is 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 M to study the optimal one added between the carbonization and activation at high temperature with potassium hydroxide (KOH). EDS spectra confirmed that the NaOH treatment could reduce silica, and the most optimal concentration was found at GRHA-1.0, as it possessed the highest carbon content of up to 80.27%. SEM images also showed a crumpled structure of layered graphene with a thickness of several nanometers. XRD patterns showed that the three samples still contain silica with a high degree of crystallinity. It is due to the thermal treatment, which is also responsible for converting silica from amorphous to crystalline. This methodology is a promising way to increase the added value of rice husks with a cost-effective process while reducing the wasted as an environmental burden.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0174828

Reducing carbon dioxide (CO₂) air pollution with electric vehicles to overcome climate change

Shinta Widyaningrum, Evvy Kartini, and Martin Taylor

Abstract. Climate change has become an important issue since 196 countries in the world agreed to sign the Paris Agreement at COP21 in 2015. This is an important issue because Climate change has a wider impact in the long term such as rising air temperatures, increasing volume of sea water, extreme and unpredictable weather changes, shifting populations and wildlife habitats and affecting human health. One of the causes of climate change is air pollution produced by burning conventional vehicles or we can call Internal Combustion Engine (ICE). For this reason, various countries in the world are innovating by converting fossil-based vehicles into electric vehicles with the main raw material being batteries. As a result, several countries in the world such as Japan, Brazil, Germany, France and Sweden have succeeded in reducing their emission levels in the 2015-2018 period by starting to develop electric vehicles. This paper was conducted through literature study and in-depth analysis using qualitative research methods. This paper aims to analyze whether the transformation from an internal combustion engine-based vehicle to an electric vehicle is able to reduce the level of emissions in a country in order to overcome the problem of climate change. In addition, this paper also analyzes other supporting factors to find the right solution to overcome the problem of climate change.

Keywords: Climate Change, Carbon Dioxide, Electric Vehicles

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121094

Techno Economic Analysis of Public Solar Street Light with Integrated Monitoring System for Parking Area

Cipta Panghegar Supriadi, Adit Tri Wiguno, Muhammad Firmansyah, Evvy Kartini

Abstract. Indonesia has a great potential on solar energy since it is located across the equator.Therefore, it is beneficial to implement photovoltaic system in the area. One of the photovoltaic applications is solar street light system. The techno – economic analyses of public solar street light has been conducted including the potential for CO₂ reduction and cost reduction analysis. The solar street was designed for parking area with moderate traffic. It has been designed to give 5.54 lux illumination and 12 hour service time. The additional system has been integrated to monitor daily power consumption and to ease the maintenance procedure. The energy input has been calculated by referring to solar energy data in North Jakarta. A 370 watt peak solar panel with 24V and 50Ah battery configuration are implemented for the public solar street light system. The system is designed to serve for 3 days of autonomy.

Keywords: Techno Economic, Solar Street Light, Monitoring System

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121063

Strengthening Energy Diplomacy to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals no. 7 by 2030

Mochamad Subhan Alkyana and Evvy Kartini

Abstract. Energy is something that is essential, especially in modern society which cannot be separated from energy needs and the rise of electrification in various ways. The high demand for this energy is not proportional to the energy sources that we have. Many countries energy supply relies on fossil-based systems which contribute to climate change and will run out over time. This is what ultimately initiates the Global Energy Transition from fossil-based to renewable energy. The concern on energy is also part of Sustainable Development Goals 7 whose objective is to ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services and increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix. On the other hand, the diplomatic effort is needed to accelerate the energy transition. Energy diplomacy is a growing diplomatic field which aims to enhance access to energy resources in order to provide energy security. The data in this study shown how energy diplomacy as one of successful methods to achieve SDG's 7 especially in the least developed country. However, energy diplomacy is not always fully successful in some countries. But it is undeniable that energy diplomacy plays an important role in the current level of multilateralism.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121079

The Study of Mixed Hydroxide Precipitate (MHP) from Local Mineral Resources in Indonesia

Evvy Kartini, Muhammad Fakhrudin, Mohammad Zaki Mubarok, Agus Sudjatno, Moh. Wahyu Syafi’ul Mubarok

Abstract. Indonesia has the largest nickel source in the world. It is estimated, there are about 21 million metric tons of nickel reserves in Indonesia. Laterite nickel ore is the most abundant nickel source especially in tropical regions. Mixed hydroxide precipitate (MHP) is intermediate product of this process. In this research, the MHP product from PT. Smelter Nickel Indonesia (PT.SNI) was investigated. The MHP quality content is important for further process of nickel refinery to become Nickel and Cobalt sulphate for battery industry. The MHP was characterized by an X-ray diffraction (XRD), a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), a Differential Thermal Analysis. The XRD shows that the untreated MHP was an amorphous-like material that corresponded to Jamborite type mineral, consisting of Ni-O-H. The microstructure consists some unregular shapes with various particle sizes of 1 to 20 µm, whereas some was agglomerated. The thermal data shows there are two endothermic peaks related to the dehydration of moisture and hydrated crystal, while the second was the dehydration of OH group. After the heat treatment of MHP at 850^oC, the X-ray diffraction pattern consisted of several phases identified as 82.6% Bunsenite (NiO), 12.4% Cobalt Dicobalt(III) Oxide (Co₃O₄) and 5% Aluminum Oxide -Alpha (Al₂O₃) according to Rietveld refinement analysis. The NiO was expected to be the highest content of MHP, followed by Co₃O₄.

Keywords: Mixed Hydroxide Precipitate (MHP), Nickel Laterite, NiOH, NiO, Co₃O₄, Hydrometallurgy, Jamborite

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121089

Study of the Synthesis NMC-622 Cathode Active Material with Oxalate Coprecipitation Method at Different Reaction Time

Muhammad Nizam Fanani, Evvy Kartini, Muhammad Fakhrudin, Agus Sudjatno

Abstract. Renewable energy technology has a weakness namely intermittent which can be overcomed by energy storage systems. Li-ion battery is one of the secondary batteries currently being developed which has promising performance to solve this problem. One of the most important components of a lithium battery is the cathode. In this study, LiNi_0.6Mn_0.2Co_0.2O₂ (NMC-622) cathode was synthesized using the oxalate coprecipitation method. The control parameter namely the reaction time in this method affect the crystal structure and morphology of the product. Transition metal oxalate samples were prepared at different reaction times (40 and 60 minutes), then they were characterized using an X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to observe the crystal structure and their composition formed. A Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) used to observe the surface morphology of the samples. XRD results of NMC-622 synthesized by a reaction time of 60 minutes showed the best results, based on the intensity ratio of peak (003) to peak (104) obtained, which was 1,238.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121070

Power Consumption Analysis of a Brushless DC Motor 48V 500W Electric Bike on an Assembled Lithium-ion 21700 Battery Pack

Setiawan Nur Ikhsan and Evvy Kartini

Abstract. Based on Central Bureau of Statistics data as of 2019, the number of motorcycles recorded is 112,771,136 units or about 84 percent of the total vehicles. Moreover, the pollution caused by motor vehicle exhaust has a very bad impact on air quality in Indonesia, and innovation is needed to overcome this wider impact. Electric bicycles are environmentally friendly transportation because they do not cause exhaust gas and pollution. This study aims to assemble lithium-ion batteries as a power source for electric bicycles and analyze the power consumption of batteries used in electric bicycles with several variations of speed. This study uses an experimental method with the data obtained in the form of battery capacity, battery voltage, the maximum speed of the bicycle, and the distance of the bicycle from full battery to exhaustion. The test was carried out on an electric bicycle with a Brushless DC 48V 500Watt motor drive. The battery used is an assembled lithium-ion type with a total capacity of 48 Volt 15Ah. After three tests, it was found that there was an effect of speed conditions on battery consumption. The initial voltage of the battery is 48V, the lowest voltage is at 41V, and the battery will be discharged at a voltage of 39V. This test concludes that there is an effect of speed conditions on battery consumption, where at high speeds it requires a larger battery voltage than at lower speeds, the higher the speed, the more the battery voltage will drop to move the electric bicycle.

Keywords: Lithium-ion Battery 21700, Assembled Electric Bike, Power Consumption

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121067

Design of Battery Pack for Electric Bike

Muhammad Alfawza Biljannah and Evvy Kartini

Abstract. Recently, Electric Vehicles (EV) have begun to be produced massively, one of them is bikes or bicycles. Many bikes are produced due to the increasing market demand for bikes, especially during this pandemic. Peoples choose bikes because they are cheap vehicles, and also do not require any driving license. But in reality, the price of electric bikes is considered quite expensive, so many people prefer to convert ordinary bike into electric bike. One of the most important aspects in making an electric bike is the battery, which is the source of electric energy in electric bike. This study aims to explain the steps in designing a battery pack for an electric bike from a Lithium-ion Battery NMC21700 with a voltage of 3.6V and a capacity of 5Ah with dimensions of Ø21.25 × 70.8 mm. The expected result of the battery pack will produce the power of 720Wh.

Keywords: Battery Pack, Electric Bike, Design

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121542

Synthesis and Characterizations of LiMn₂O₄ Sheet over Al Foil as Cathode Material for Li Ion Battery

Deswita, Yulia Indriani, Indra Gunawan, Sudaryanto, Evvy Kartini

Abstract. The synthesis of LiMn₂O₄ cathode was began by manufactured a slurry with consisting of 90% LiMn₂O₄, 5% Acetylene Black (AB) and 5% PVDF. The sample was dissolved in 3 ml of NMP solution that had been mixed with 5% PVDF, then stirred with a vacuum mixer for 15 minutes until the sample become a slurry. The slurry is placed on top of aluminum foil to be used as a cathode using a dactor blade. Characterization was done using XRD, PSA, SEM and LCR meter. It was found that the diffraction peaks were the strongest in the LiMn₂O₄ powder sample. The average particle size of LiMn₂O₄ is in the range between 214.64 nm - 318.18nm. The LiMn₂O₄ cathode is seen if there are nets that bind between the particles which is caused by the addition of PVDF polymer. So that PVDF causes one particle to bind to another, which will create gaps in the LiMn₂O₄ cathode. The conductivity of LiMn₂O₄ was obtained of about 3.00 x 10-5 S.cm^-1.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121499

Synthesis and Structural Study of Ce-Doped NMC 811 as the Cathode Material

Moh. Wahyu Syafi’ul Mubarok, Muhammad Fakhrudin, and Evvy Kartini

Abstract. Lithium ion battery is essential for electric vehicles development. One of the most promising cathode materials for Li-ion battery is LiNi_0.8Mn_0.1Co_0.1O₂ (NMC 811) due to its high energy density. However, it caused a low rate capability and obvious capacity degradation at high potential cycle.These limitsits practical application. One of the potential solutions to overcome that problem is by doping. In order to modify the crystal structure for performance improvement, the cathode material can be doped by rare earth elements (REE). Besides, Indonesia has one of the biggest deposits for REE. The most promising REE is cerium, because it has been much widely used for catalyst and addition in many fields. In this research, NMC 811 is doped by Cerium Nitrate (Ce (NO₃)₃) using co-precipitation method for 5 hours followed by heat treatment. The product was characterized by XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), in order to understand its structural behavior. The cerium has reduced the cobalt composition by 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04 mol. The result shows that the doping did not affect the layered oxide structure of NMC 811, except the increasing of Ce-doped crystallite size to 1275.6 Å rather than pristine.

Keywords: Cerium Doped, Cathode Synthesis, NMC811, Structural Study, Rare Earth Elements, XRD.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121044

Synthesis and Characterization of NMC111 Cathode by Co-precipitation Method

Rialdy Fahmi, Evvy Kartini, Muhammad Fakhrudin

Abstract. Lithium-Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt-Oxide (LiNi_xMn_yCo_zO₂, x+y+z = 1) — Li-NMC, currently become a dominant focus for cathode material development. NMC cathode is an important material and is widely used for the development of lithium ion batteries which require specific energy and high energy density also reducing environmental impact. In this work, Ni_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3C₂O₄.2H₂O precursor has been synthesized by co-precipitating oxalate method with different reaction time of 40 and 120 minutes. Those precursors were mixed with appropriate amount Lithium carbonate then calcined at 900^oC for 12 hours to obtain Li(Ni_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3)O₂ (NMC111) cathode active materials. The crystal structure of Li(Ni_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3)O₂ was characterized by an X-ray diffraction (XRD) in order to investigate crystallite size and crystallite phase. The results show that the crystal phase hexagonal α-NaFeO2 structure that belongs to NMC111 (R-3m) space group. The structure did not change with the reaction time. However, the crystallite size increased with increasing of reaction time, namely 820.30 Å and 986.50 Å, for 40 and 120 minutes, respectively.

Keywords: NMC111, Synthesis NMC Cathode, Co-Precipitation Method.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121103

Graphene Derived from Rice Husk

Fanny Fahriatunnisa Muliawanti, Evvy Kartini, Muhammad Fakhrudin

Abstract. Synthesis graphene using environmentally friendly biomass resource such as rice husk was successfully. Graphene was synthesis using rice husk ash (RHA) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) at 900^oC for 2h with 1:5 ratio. Utilize RHA as a source carbon for synthesis of graphene and used to prevent oxidation during annealed process at high temperature. The result XRD and SEM confirmed a present of graphitic structure. Novelty of this synthesis graphene using environmentally friendly biomass resource can be one of technique to reduce the use of toxic chemical and natural precursor.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0139958

Synthesis of Manganese Carbonate and Manganese Oxalate from Indonesian Manganese Ore as NMC Cathode Precursor

Widi Astuti, Slamet Sumardi, Fika Rofiek Mufakhir, Muhammad Fakhrudin, Evvy Kartini

Abstract. The Li-NMC cathode battery production usually applies carbonate precipitation processes. Manganese compound used is in the form of manganese sulfate (MnSO₄) and precipitate using carbonate to produce manganese carbonate. This research has studied the synthesis of manganese carbonate from Indonesian manganese ore as raw material for the manufacture of NMC cathode precursor. Some manganese ores are leached using oxalic acid as a reducing agent in a sulfuric acid atmosphere. This leaching process was conducted using sulfuric acid with a concentration of 6%, leaching temperature 80^oC, for 6 hours, oxalic acid used 30 g/liter, with a ratio of ore to the sulfuric acid solution was 52.63 gr/l. Then, the impurities (mainly iron) precipitation from pregnant leached solution was carried out with pH adjustment using various alkalis. The alkalis used in this study were NaOH, Na₂CO₃, and NH₄OH. Manganese carbonate products were characterized using XRF and XRD. The results showed that manganese carbonate with high purity (>95%) can be synthesized from Indonesian manganese ore using leaching and precipitation method.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121479

Effect of Alkali Types during Iron Precipitation on Manganese Sulfate Crystallization from Indonesian Manganese Ore

Slamet Sumardi, Widi Astuti, Fika Rofiek Mufakhir, Yayat Iman Supriyatna, Muhammad Fakhrudin, Evvy Kartini

Abstract. NMC is a lithium-ion battery that combines three primary metals, namely Nickel, Manganese, and Cobalt. Manganese metal is used in the form of manganese sulfate (MnSO₄). This research has studied the effect of adding alkali in the precipitation of impurities from the solution of manganese ore leaching on the crystals of MnSO₄ as raw material for the manufacture of NMC. Some manganese ores are leached using oxalic acid as a reducing agent in a sulfuric acid atmosphere. Then, the impurities (mainly iron) precipitation from pregnant leached solution was carried out with pH adjustment using various alkalis. The alkalis used in this study were NaOH, NH₄OH, and Ca(OH)₂. The MnSO₄ products were characterized using XRF and XRD. The results showed that the use of Ca(OH)₂ in the precipitation of iron and other impurities from the pregnant leached solution could provide better MnSO₄ crystals than the use of NaOH and NH₄OH.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121683

Activated Carbon from Rice Husk with Various Activators for Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Material Additive

Yustinus Purwamargapratala, Evvy Kartini, Anne Zulfia, Agus Sujatno, Teguh Yulius Surya Panca Putra, Heri Jodi

Abstract. Activated carbon is needed as an additive in the cathode and anode materials of the battery. Rice husk is a carbon source that allows it to be synthesized into activated carbon using an activator. Measurements using a simultane thermal analyzer (STA) showed that changes in the thermal pattern of rice husks occurred at temperatures of 400^oC and 700^oC. Dry and clean rice husks were carbonated at 400^oC for 2 hours, activated with HCl, H₃PO₄, NaOH, or ZnCl₂, then calcined at 700^oC for 2 hours. The crystal structure analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that carbon was formed and the results of morphological observations using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed the formation of activated carbon with an average pore diameter of 15 mm. The results of measurements using the impedance capacitance resistance meter showed the highest value 6.48x10^-4 S.cm^-1 was found in the use of 0.1 M NaOH activator, showing the most effective activator in comparison to other activators.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121250

The Impact of Milling Time and Rotation Speed on Li-NMC Cathode Performance

Fajrul Mawaddah, Evvy Kartini, Rizka Ayu Puspita, Muhammad Fakhrudin and Agus Sudjatno

Abstract. The Impact of Milling Time and Rotation Speed on Li-NMC Cathode Performance. Technological developments of electrical energy storage on this era are batteries. Many electronic devices using battery for energy storage, so the batteries in the future will be a strategic and economical source of energy storage. Li-ion battery comprises of anode, cathode and separator. The cathode is fully functional in the process of transferring lithium ions, during the charging and discharging processes. The particle size has a significant part within the electrochemical performance of the cathode for Li-ion battery. Milling could be a way to decrease particle size and improve electrochemical performance. Milling is a method that use the collision energy between grinding balls and the walls of the container (jar milling). Xrays characteristics are analytical signals that used in electron microscopy for chemical analysis. The results showed that longer milling time and a faster rotation speed, will give smaller size which increased the electrochemical performance of the battery cathode.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121091

The National Battery Research Institute “Powering Indonesia Battery’s Revolution”

Evvy Kartini and Alan J. Drew

Abstract. Batteries are a key technology to achieve Paris Agreement and support the United Nation Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs). As the fourth largest populations in the world, Indonesia has to prepare the energy transition from fossil fuels to the renewable energy in order to reduce the CO2 emission. Given the situation, the existing of a consortium that focus on the strategic planning of battery and renewable energy is urgently required. Therefore, a National Battery Research Institute (NBRI) is founded. NBRI is Indonesia's independent institute for electrochemical energy storage science and technology, supporting research, training, and education. The Institute aims to contribute to the overall research capacity and training environment in Indonesia in battery and renewable energy research. NBRI is a platform that brings together scientists, academicians, industry partners, the government and all stakeholders that focus on battery and renewable technology. The main goal of NBRI is to encourage and support a battery manufacturing industry using locally resources, which will enable Indonesia to be independent in energy. NBRI was legally established on 17th December 2020 as The Center of Excellence Innovation of Battery and Renewable Energy Foundation. The NBRI establishment was supported by the Global Challenge Research Fund (GCRF), UK, through the cooperation with Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), UK. Prof. Dr. Evvy Kartini and Prof. Dr. Alan J. Drew became a Founder and a Co-Founder of NBRI, respectively.

Keywords: The National Battery Research Institute (NBRI), Global Challenge Research Fund (GCRF), Center Excellence Innovation, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Battery manufacturing industry, Renewable Energy, Local resources.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121087

Indonesia Strategy to Reduce Land-Based Sources Pollution to Achieve the SDG Target on Life Below Water

Shinta Widyaningrum, Mochamad Subhan Alkyana and Evvy Kartini

Abstract. The oceans are so vast that it is estimated that humans have only explored 5% of their total surface area. Oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth's surface. Unknowingly, the ocean is one of the main sources of support for many humans. Unfortunately, the importance of oceans is often overlooked. Humans are important entities that have a significant impact on the changes that occur in the oceans. Since before 1972, humans have often indirectly dumped garbage, sewage sludge, chemical waste, commercial waste, and radioactive waste into the sea. According to analysis, 80% of worldwide marine pollution is from land-based pollution (Land-primarily based sources pollution/"LBSP"). The plastic waste, nutrients, pesticides, weight, sediment, and steel waste that enter the water glide through LBSP are the result of family activities, industry, tourism, and agriculture. Every year, 8 million tonnes of plastic waste from deep inland areas ends up inside the ocean, on top of the expected 150 million tonnes, that presently circulate marine environments. This paper was conducted through a literature study and in-depth analysis the using qualitative research methods. This paper pursuits to analyse the proper strategy that the Indonesian government can take as a primary contributor to plastic waste inside the global and reduce ocean pollution.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0122604

The Analysis of Li-ion Battery Pack 48V 15Ah Performance for Electric Bike

Mohammad Ridho Nugraha and Evvy Kartini

Abstract. The main problems related to the E-Bike battery mostly appeared from the limited output power, due to the battery chemistry, the dimension, or the capacities. The output voltages from 12V until 48V of batteries are commonly used as the main supply. Aim of this paper was to design and built lithium-ion battery pack with the lightest and higher performance by applying 21700 NMC Cells. were designed and constructed. This battery pack will be placed in E-bike to power the 500W BLDC Motor. The output voltages of 48V, and the capacities of 15Ah were built from 39 cells of 21700 NMC, with configurations of 13 series and 3 parallels. In addition, the BMS was connected for protection and cell balancing features. The performance of the battery pack was analyzed using a Battery Testing Analyzer. The parameter of this study were the cell and pack charge-discharge capacity, C-rate dependence, and High C-rate capability. The output power from the battery is also measured in the dynamic condition while the motor running at a different speed. The results showed that the 21700 NMC 5000 mAh cell has a capacity of 4615.74 mAh (after 50 cycles) with 0.5C current. The 48V 15Ah battery pack delivered charge capacities of 13.28 Ah (1C), 13.70 Ah (0.3C), 13.61 Ah (0.5C), and a discharge capacity of 13.21 Ah (1C). It was capable of delivering the higher current up to 15 Amps (1C) during charge and discharge. At higher C-rates the amount of capacity inside the battery decreased, cell temperature increased, and the driving time of the E-Bike also could decrease. The NMC cells are capable of delivering higher C-rate performance to achieve high power and torque.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0123489

Ce-Doped NMC 811 Synthesis as Cathode Material

Moh. Wahyu Syafi’ul Mubarok, Muhammad Fakhrudin and Evvy Kartini

Abstract. One of the promising solutions for broadening the energy access to the rural area is portable energy storage. Government created an initiative so called Talis (tabung listrik). It is a portable energy storage that stores the electricity from renewable energy microgrid for rural area. Yet the minimum weight of Talis is almost 5 kg and not too suitable for high-mobility. Lithium ion battery with the cathode materials LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC 811) becomes a promising solution for tackling those heaviness issue. In addition, it also has a high energy density, but limited capacity degradation at higher rate and longer cycles. The performance improvement is needed to overcome such problem. Doping becomes a well-known method for modifying the crystal structure and increasing the cell performance. The cathode material can potentially be doped by rare earth elements (REE). Cerium is the most favorable material among REE due to its widely used for catalyst and addition in various fields. In fact, Indonesia has an abundance REE resource. In this research, NMC 811 has been doped by cerium (IV) sulfate (Ce (SO4)2) using a co-precipitation method followed by calcination for 5 hours. There are three variations of Ce-dopped; no dopped or pristine (Ce-0), 0.01 mol composition (Ce-0.01), and 0.005 mol composition (Ce-0.005). For understanding the crystal structure, the product was analyzed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The result shows doping intervention did not alter the layered oxide structure of NMC 811, but only increasing the crystallite size, which is linear with the doping composition.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0122599

Synthesis of LiNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2 Cathode Material Prepared Via Carbonate Co-Precipitation Method

Dhika Faiz Fadrian, Moh. Wahyu Syafi’ul Mubarok, Muhammad Fakhrudin, Anne Z. Syahrial, Evvy Kartini

Abstract. The mixed transition metal of NiSO4, MnSO4, CoSO4 has been co-precipitated with addition Na2CO3 to obtain precursor. This precursor was prepared via co-precipitation method with stirring times of 3 hours by using a magnetic stirrer. The precursor was filtrated and washed by a vacuum filter to reduce the sodium out of precursor, and then it was heated in oven to remove the H2O from precursor. The precursor was mixed with LiOH. Finally, the precursor was calcinated at 800°C and cathode was characterized with XRD. The result of X-ray Diffraction test (XRD) showed that the cathode of Li Ni0.4Mn0.4Co0.2 O2 has crystallite size in the range of 7.63 – 31.46 nm.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0122628

La-Incorporated NMC811 as a New Li-ion Battery Cathode Material

Muhammad Fakhrudin and Evvy Kartini

Abstract. The application of high energy density LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) is often limited by its discharge capacity retention due to its rich nickel content. Some improvements such as doping and coating by rare earth materials have been used to increase the electrochemical stability. In this work, Lanthanum was used to modify NMC811 via a simple solvent evaporation method. The XRD results showed the presence of an additional phase in the form of La2Li0.5Ni0.5O4, though that there was no change in the lattice parameters. SEM-EDS results with La mapping showed that La was evenly distributed formatting a layer of La2Li0.5Ni0.5O4 on the surface of the NMC811 particles, without any La atoms entering the layered oxide structure. The formation of new layer on the surface will improve stability and electrochemical performance of NMC811.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0123495

The Study of (Ni,Mn,Co)SO4 as Raw Material for NMC Precursor in Lithium Ion Battery

Evvy Kartini, Muhammad Fakhrudin, Widi Astuti, Slamet Sumardi, Mohammad Zaki Mubarok

Abstract. Recent technology of electric vehicle has been significantly improved due to the lithium-ion battery application that indispensable. Li(NMC)O2 is one of the most highly demanding cathode materials. NMC cathode with high rich nickel exhibited excellent characteristic and high specific capacity. NMC active material is usually produced by calcination of NMC precursor mixed with lithium source. NMC precursor plays important role on determining quality of the active material NMC. The synthesis methods, such as co-precipitation are challenging to obtain the desire precursor, but the quality also depend on the raw materials. Those raw materials in powder form are NiSO4, MnSO4, CoSO4 (metal sulphate). This paper describes the general properties of the NMC-sulphate, their crystal structure, microstructure and its elementary component by XRD, SEM and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). It is important to perform raw material characterizations before synthesizing into NMC Precursor. The XRD results showed the crystal structure of NiSO4.6H2O, MnSO4.H2O, CoSO4.7H2O corresponded to 100% phases Regersite, 100% Szmikite and 100% Moorhouseite, respectively. The XRF summary resulted that the nickel contents in NiSO4.6H2O was about 78% manganese content in MnSO4.H2O was about 77.7%, and cobalt content in CoSO4.7H2O was about 80.7%. The understanding properties of the raw materials was very important in order to achieve best quality of NMC precursor and the final product of NMC Cathode.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0122596

Crystal structure analysis of Li₃PO₄ powder prepared by wet chemical reaction and solid-state reaction by using X-ray diffraction (XRD).

Nur I. P. Ayu, Evvy Kartini, Lugas D. Prayogi, Muhamad Faisal & Supardi

Abstract. Lithium phosphate (Li3PO4) is one of the promising solid electrolyte materials for lithium-ion battery because of its high ionic conductivity. A crystalline form of Li3PO4 had been prepared by two different methods. The first method was wet chemical reaction between LiOH and H3PO4, and the second method was solid-state reaction between Li2O and P2O5. Crystal structure of Li3PO4 white powder had been investigated by using an X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The results show that Li3PO4 prepared by wet chemical reaction belongs to orthorhombic unit cell of β-Li3PO4 with space group Pmn21. Meanwhile, Li3PO4 powder prepared by solidstate reaction belongs to orthorhombic unit cell of γ-Li3PO4 with space group Pmnb and another unknown phase of Li4P2O7. The impurity of Li4P2O7 was due to phase transformation in solid state reaction during quenching of molten mixture from high temperature. Ionic conductivity of Li3PO4 prepared by solid-state reaction was ∼3.10−7 S/cm, which was higher than Li3PO4 prepared by wet chemical reaction ∼4.10−8 S/cm. This increasing ionic conductivity may due to mixed crystal structures that increased Li-ion mobility in Li3PO4.

Keywords: Lithium phosphate, Li3PO4, X-ray diffraction, Crystal structure

DOI: 10.1007/s11581-016-1643-z